ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Desde mediados de la década de 1990 la agricultura extensiva bajo riego creció aceleradamente en la Argentina. Donde tradicionalmente se producía en secano, la adopción de tecnología creó un nuevo paisaje hídrico: la "tierra irrigada". Para comprender la creación de dicha categoría conceptual y su anclaje dentro de un modelo productivo específico, en este trabajo me propongo analizar la difusión del riego mecanizado en el norte de la provincia de Buenos Aires a partir de las principales políticas públicas que intervienen en esta transformación territorial: el Plan de Mejora Competitiva del clúster de la semilla, el Plan Nacional de Riego y la gestión del agua subterránea para el riego productivo. Recuperando aportes de la ecología política y de los estudios de la ciencia y la tecnología, argumento que la explotación del agua subterránea para riego implica una privatización del recurso que permanece invisibilizada. La "tierra irrigada" contiene dos de los recursos fundamentales para la producción de alimentos que, asociados, se resignifican. El agua adquiere sentido productivo como una mercancía a la que es factible asignar un valor monetario y se privatiza de hecho en el momento de su consumo productivo; mientras la tierra, gracias al agua, se valoriza económicamente al permitir nuevas alternativas de explotación con mayores márgenes de rentabilidad. Así, el agua es el "lubricante" que refuerza el proceso de acumulación.
ABSTRACT Since the mid-1990s extensive agriculture using irrigation has grown rapidly in Argentina. Where farming on dry land was traditionally carried out, technological change has created a new waterscape: "irrigated land." To understand the creation of this conceptual category and how it is anchored in a specific production model, in this paper I contextualize the spread of mechanized irrigation in the north of the province of Buenos Aires by examining the main public policies that intervene in this territorial transformation: the Competitive Improvement Plan of the Seed Cluster, the National Irrigation Plan, and the management of groundwater for productive irrigation. Integrating contributions from Political Ecology and Science and Technology Studies, I argue that the exploitation of groundwater for irrigation implies the privatization of a resource that remains invisible. "Irrigated land" contains two of the fundamental resources for food production that, jointly, resignify each other. Water acquires productive meaning as a commodity to which it is feasible to assign a monetary value, and becomes privatized de facto at the moment of its productive consumption; while the land - thanks to water - is valorized economically by allowing for new exploitation alternatives with higher profit margins. Thus, water acts as the "lubricant" that reinforces the accumulation process.
Subject(s)
Humans , Water , Conservation of Natural Resources , Water Resources , Commodification , AgricultureABSTRACT
Introducción: Las enterobacterias han ido adquiriendo mecanismos de resistencia a los antimicrobianos, como la producción de Beta Lactamasas de Espectro Extendido (BLEE) que otorga resistencia a varios beta-lactámicos. Estas bacterias, capaces de causar infecciones intrahospitalarias y comunitarias difíciles de tratar, se están diseminando y habitan reservorios ambientales, como aguas;y es considerado un problema de salud pública. Situación desconocida en nuestro medio. Objetivo: Identificar Enterobacterias productoras de BLEE y AmpC en agua de los ríos Tamborada y Rocha, utilizados para el riego de cultivos en la zona Maica de Cochabamba. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo. Se analizaron 70 muestras de agua: 44 del rio Tamborada y 26 del Rocha. Las muestras se cultivaron en Agar MacConkey con Cefotaxima (2 μm/ml). Las bacterias que crecieron se identificaron con agar cromogénico y pruebas bioquímicas. Las cepas productoras de BLEE y tipo AmpC se determinaron por difusión y aproximación de discos: Cefotaxima, ceftazidima, Amoxicilina/Acido clavulánico para BLEE y Cefoxitin para AmpC. Resultados: Se aislaron 23 cepas de Escherichia coli (E. coli) productoras de BLEE (32,8%) de las 70 muestras y 22 muestras (resistentes a cefoxitin) que podrían tener además resistencia tipo AmpC. Conclusión: E. coli productoras de BLEE y probablemente AmpC están circulando en ambientes de nuestro medio como ser agua de Ríos Tamborada y Rocha, esto representa un problema de salud pública, más si consideramos que estas aguas son utilizadas en riego de verduras que abastecen los mercados de Cochabamba y pueden diseminar estas bacterias entre la población.
Introduction: Enterobacteria have been acquiring antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, such as the production of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) thatgives resistance to several beta-lactams.These bacteria, capable of causing intrahospital and community infections difficult to treat, are spreading and inhabit environmental reservoirs, such as water; and is considered a public health problem. Unknown situation in our environment. Objective: Identify Enterobacteria producing BLEE and AmpC in water from the Tamborada and Rocha rivers, used for irrigation of crops in the Maica area of Cochabamba. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study. 70 water samples were analyzed: 44 from the Tamborada river and 26 from Rocha.The samples were grown in MacConkey Agar with Cefotaxime (2 μm/ml). Bacteria that grew were identified with chromogenic agar and biochemical tests.The ESBL and AmpC type producing strains were determined by diffusion and approximation of discs: Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid for ESBL; and Cefoxitin for AmpC. Results: 23 strains of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (32.8%) were isolated from the 70 samples. 22 of these isolates (resistant to cefoxitin) could also have AmpC resistance. Conclusion: E. coli producers of ESBL and probably AmpC are circulating in our environment such as waters of Rocha and Tamborada rivers, which represent a public health problem, more if we consider that these waters are used in irrigation of vegetables that they supply Cochabamba markets and can spread these bacteria among the population.
ABSTRACT
Objetiva-se analisar os perímetros irrigados enquanto estratégia geopolítica para a expansão da fronteira agrícola brasileira e o "desenvolvimento" do semiárido nordestino, em sua relação com os determinantes sociais da saúde em comunidades camponesas. Trata-se de pesquisa realizada na Chapada do Apodi, nos estados do Ceará e Rio Grande do Norte, entre 2007 e 2011. Adotaram-se variados desenhos, técnicas e instrumentos de pesquisa, como pesquisa-ação, estudo etnográfico, questionário e exames laboratoriais, análise de contaminação de águas, cartografia social e grupo focal. Identificou-se que, na conjuntura da expansão do agronegócio, as políticas públicas de irrigação trouxeram consequências para a saúde, o trabalho e o ambiente, com a implantação do Perímetro Irrigado Jaguaribe-Apodi, no Ceará. São expressivos o contexto de conflito socioambiental e a resistência na fase prévia à instalação do Perímetro Irrigado Santa Cruz do Apodi no Rio Grande do Norte, o que traz consequências para o processo saúde-doença em comunidades camponesas. É importante a avaliação da política pública de irrigação considerar os impactos dos perímetros sobre o modo de vida, o trabalho, a saúde e o ambiente nesses territórios atingidos.
An analysis was made of irrigated perimeters as a geopolitical strategy for expanding Brazilian agricultural frontiers and the "development" of the northeastern semi-arid region with respect to social determinants in health in rural communities. Research was conducted in the Chapada do Apodi in the states of Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte between 2007 and 2011. Various research techniques and tools were adopted, such as research-action, ethnographic studies, questionnaires and laboratory exams, water contamination analyses, social cartography and focal groups. In the context of agribusiness expansion, it was revealed that public policies of irrigation have had consequences for health, labor and the environment with the implementation of the Jaguaribe-Apodi Irrigated Perimeter in Ceará. The social and environmental conflict and resistance in the phase prior to the installation of the Santa Cruz do Apodi Irrigated Perimeter in Rio Grande do Norte was significant as it had consequences for the health-disease process on rural communities. It is important for the evaluation of public irrigation policies to consider the impacts of the perimeters on the lifestyle, labor, health and the environment of the affected territories.